Os 3 drivers de alto-falante mais comuns: buzina, cone e cúpula
All speakers are essentially transducers, which means that they convert one form of energy-in this case electricity-into another form-in this case, we take the form of sound Experience mechanical vibration. Since the role of the transducer is to push or "drive" the sound forward, the term "driver" is usually used to refer to the transducing element in the speaker. Drivers are sometimes referred to simply as speakers. This term also refers to the sum of all the components that produce sound from the housing to the internal sound damping material and other components (such as crossovers). In this article, "speakers" and "drivers" refer to the speaker components responsible for dispersing sound.
Alto-falante de buzina
Como o nome sugere, o alto-falante de buzina tem uma forma de funil aberta, assim como uma buzina. Muitas pessoas reconhecerão esse design a partir de fotos de gramofones antigos (também chamados de fonógrafos). Os primeiros projetos usavam cornetas para amplificar o som produzido pelo diafragma vibratório: a corneta tem duas funções: transmitir a vibração gerada pelo diafragma para o ar e torná-la mais alta.
The horn loudspeaker is a very effective design because, compared to a cone-shaped diaphragm, the diaphragm does not have to oscillate violently in order to produce a loud sound. Due to their high efficiency, speakers are still used in PA speakers to send out notification and warning signals. Another advantage of horn speakers is their directivity. The sound can be directed at the listener instead of dispersing the sound throughout the room. This creates a much smaller "sweet spot" for the listener, but eliminates most of the problems people encounter in room acoustics because there are fewer reflected sounds. However, this small optimal listening area may be a bit impractical and is usually not conducive to appreciation of the high range, because the high range tends to beam rather than disperse anyway. Another practical difficulty with horn speakers is the extremely low end. In order for the horn speaker to reproduce convincing bass, it must have a huge size.
Apesar das limitações do áudio doméstico de alta-fidelidade, ainda há muitos alto-falantes de buzina-de ponta disponíveis hoje. Muitas pessoas apreciam sua excelente dinâmica e rápida resposta transitória, que pode fornecer um som ao vivo altamente realista para música, especialmente jazz. A buzina também pode ser tocada mais alto sem distorção. Por último, mas não menos importante, os falantes de corneta são fragmentos de conversa atraentes.
Driver de alto-falante Ultima 40 Mk2 encantador driver de médio porte de cobre
Alto-falante de cone
Cone is a form we know in school geometry class, used in the most popular form of driver structure: cone loudspeaker. A typical cone driver consists of a tapered membrane with a dust cap in the middle and a component that does not affect the sound. For sound reproduction, the membrane is responsible. The membrane is attached to the voice coil, and the voice coil moves in accordance with the push and pull of the magnetic field generated by the current passing through the coil in the magnetic field. This movement in and out (referred to as offset) makes the cone speaker the most dynamic reason for the driver design discussed here, and is why this type of driver is sometimes referred to as a "dynamic speaker." The longer the driver's stroke, the greater the amount of air it can push. In order to create low-frequency sound, a lot of air needs to be moved, which can be achieved by using a large woofer or increasing the driver offset. In view of all these changes, cone speakers are not as efficient as horn speakers, but allow for more compact, user-friendly speaker designs and a more powerful and accurate low end.
O diafragma de um alto-falante de cone (que também pode ser redondo em vez de cone) pode ser feito de uma variedade de materiais, todos com características semelhantes de alta rigidez e leveza. Papel, alumínio, aramida, polipropileno e poliestireno são materiais comuns na construção de acionamentos cônicos. Os alto-falantes de cone são usados em muitos cenários diferentes, mas são usados principalmente para construir drivers de médios e graves. Embora às vezes sejam usados em projetos de tweeter, os drivers de domo geralmente são mais eficazes aqui.
Alto-falante de cúpula
Como chifres e alto-falantes de cone, esse nome quase descreve essa forma. Os alto-falantes de cúpula são geralmente côncavos e menores que os alto-falantes de cone. No entanto, a vantagem deste projeto é que ele fornece um ângulo de dispersão mais amplo para a faixa do limite superior para evitar a tendência do feixe da frequência do limite superior.
Tweeter de cúpula
Unlike horn speakers, dome speakers are a fairly new invention. In the 1960s, the German company Braun successfully used dome speakers for the first time. The original design came from an Italian manufacturer, but Braun engineers had the idea of using different materials. After many trials, BASF's composite materials of tar, rubber, glue and paint were chosen and succeeded. Since then, dome tweeters have been widely used, and the use of structural materials is as diverse as those used in cone membranes: aluminum, ceramics, titanium, beryllium and even silk are often used.
Coda: Um driver de alto-falante dedicado ao som e potência
Since the invention of the phonograph in 1877, the driver design has changed a lot. Although the use of horn speakers outside of PA systems is quite rare, cone and dome speakers can be found in almost every home. Today's typical speaker systems usually use a combination of cone and dome drivers-cones for midrange and bass, and domes for treble ranges.
